In a computer, an input-output memory management unit (IOMMU) may be positioned between the physical memory and I/O devices such as disk drives. The IOMMU provides the I/O devices with virtual address...
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Computer processors typically include a number of central processing unit (CPU) cores for executing instructions. Each core is capable of reading and executing a sequence of instruction code, or ‘th...
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Tracking emissions, sensing earthquakes and monitoring patient brain waves are just a few of the applications that rely on changing, real-world information. In typical systems, sensors pass on raw dat...
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Cache memories play a critical role in reducing a computer system’s energy. Generally, they are fast access memories that store data reflecting locations in a corresponding main memory. Typically, t...
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Networks allow data exchange between linked computers. Data messages are divided into packets, which are able to navigate complex and changing networks. A router, or switch, reads packet addresses and...
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‘Exceptions’ are occurrences during the execution of a computer program that interrupt the normal program flow dictated by the instructions themselves. These include non-valid instructions, like d...
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Rapid development of superconducting quantum electronics has motivated a search for quantum-limited amplifiers for the low-noise readout of qubits and linear cavity resonators. Conventional approaches...
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The effective speed of computer processors may be increased by speculative execution in which computer instructions are executed before the data necessary for that execution are available. Speculation...
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Multicore processor technology allows a program to utilize resources efficiently by splitting into concurrently running tasks, or threads. Problems exist when these tasks access the same data. If one ...
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Currently, most single-input, single-output (SISO) systems use a proportional, integral, derivative (PID) controller. The PID controller is simple, fast, and easily implemented on simple computing har...
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UW-Madison researchers previously described a system of analyzing malicious network traffic to automatically generate signatures that may be used by a network intrusion detection system (NIDS) to prot...
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The speed at which a computer executes its workload is constrained by the time it takes for data and instructions to be transferred from its memory to its processor. To reduce this “memory latency,�...
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To remove the substantial heat generated by today’s most powerful microprocessors, many high-performance and personal computers use liquid cooling, rather than air cooling, technology. Research indi...
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Domino logic circuit techniques have been extensively applied in modern high-performance microprocessors because of their superior speed and area characteristics as compared to static complementary me...
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Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is commonly used in integrated circuits for microelectronics. Current is produced in semiconductor devices by using mobile charge carriers, ei...
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Today, computer processors may have dual or multiple “cores,” the processing parts of central processing unit (CPU) chips, to exploit increasing transistor density. Typically, cores are provisione...
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In modern high-performance microprocessor circuits, gates made of an oxide, such as SiO2, act as insulators. As electronic devices become increasingly miniaturized, gates are becoming smaller and may ...
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