Interest in graphene has surged due to its outstanding electrical properties. Graphene is a two-dimensional, carbon-based material with high tensile strength, stiffness, optical transparency and therm...
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Fast, flexible electronics operating at radio frequencies (greater than 1 GHz) are attractive because of their versatility, power savings and wide applicability. Uses include wireless and high-speed c...
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Block copolymers (BCPs) are a class of polymers synthesized from two or more bonded units. Forming BCPs in bulk, and turning the material into thin film, can produce nanoscale structures useful to man...
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For many applications – from remote sensing to laser displays – it is necessary to convert the frequency of light via nonlinear interaction in semiconductor materials. Waveguide devices accomplish...
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One of the strongest, lightest and most conductive materials known, graphene is an atom-thick carbon film with unrivaled high-tech potential. It is stronger than diamond but capable of bending like ru...
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Semiconductors, which regulate power flow in many modern electronic devices, use interconnects such as bond wires or lead frames to integrate different components: chip, substrate and terminals. Inter...
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Promising advances in areas like solar cells and photonic crystals are utilizing optical components with nanoscale dimensions. Unique in their ability to collect and manipulate light, these structures...
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Rapid development of superconducting quantum electronics has motivated a search for quantum-limited amplifiers for the low-noise readout of qubits and linear cavity resonators. Conventional approaches...
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Devices in fields including electronics, photonics and biological engineering utilize 2-D and 3-D nanostructures. Traditional patterning methods such as photolithography and electron beam lithography ...
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Semiconductors are used in the manufacture of many electronic and optoelectronic devices. In particular, compound semiconductors represent a large class of materials with composition ranges that can, ...
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Graphene possesses tremendous electrical properties, making it suitable for numerous applications. The current method of fabricating this material involves growing or isolating a full sheet of graphen...
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Managing power consumption of integrated circuits such as microprocessors is important for conserving energy, improving battery life and reducing issues with device cooling. A common method to reduce ...
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A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots arranged on a solid surface via covalent attachment to a chemically suitable substrate. DNA microarrays allow hundreds of thousands of DNA seq...
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Diodes are two-terminal electrical devices that only allow electrical current to flow in one direction. Diodes are used often in electrical circuits to extract a direct current from an alternating cur...
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Silicon is a major component in semiconductors due to its good electrical properties, reasonable cost and manufacturability. Zinc oxide is promising as a semiconductive material because it has a large...
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Flexible single-crystalline semiconductors used in high-performance micro- and macro-electronics have been intensely studied in recent years.  Thin-film transistors using single crystalline silic...
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Because today’s transistors transfer millions of electrons at a time, they generate a large amount of heat when packed together on semiconductor chips. As a result, chips can only contain a set ...
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As electronic gadgets continue to get smaller, tiny metal silicide nanowires may one day be used as fundamental building blocks in devices from cell phones to lasers.  Metal silicides already are...
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Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) have been used to create mechanical resonators for switching, filtering and other purposes in electrical systems. NEMS/ME...
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Tunneling magneto-resistive (TMR) read heads are the next generation in magneto-resistive readers for hard drive disks. TMRs typically include a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) that is composed of an o...
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Significant efforts are currently underway to create ferroelectric memory (FeRAM) devices from the materials Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and SrBi2Ta2O9. The main disadvantages of these materials are the volatility of...
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Quantum computers use quantum particles (e.g., electrons), called qubits, to process information, instead of bits as in classical, serial computing. Unlike bits, which exist in either the 0 or 1 state...
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Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is one of the most promising techniques for creating semiconductor devices, integrated circuits and microelectronic devices with nanoscale features (i.e., smaller...
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For integrated circuits, including very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits, to work properly, the signals traveling along the gates and interconnects must be properly timed. Using classical case ...
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The fabrication of semiconductor devices involves growing thin films on wafers and patterning them. However, thin films typically exhibit intrinsic stress, which can lead to failure of electronic devi...
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