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It is estimated that half of new HIV infections in the U.S. are from patients who know they are HIV-positive but underestimate their transmissibility. Identifying and monitoring the latent HIV reservo...
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Gram-negative bacterial infections are an ongoing challenge to health care providers worldwide. Detection, treatment and control of such pathogens have gained increasing importance in the context of a...
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Mycobacterial infections cause major health problems for people and animals, including human tuberculosis, bovine tuberculosis and Johne’s disease. Johne’s disease (or paratuberculosis) afflicts 9...
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Fungal infections such as aspergillosis and Valley Fever can be life threatening, particularly in immune-compromised patients. These patients are vulnerable to fungal strains that flourish in hospital...
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Blastomyces dermatitidis is a soil fungus found throughout the world, and is especially prevalent in the river valleys and Great Lakes region of the United States. If spores are inhaled, blastomycosis...
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Almost 90,000 Americans develop end-stage renal disease each year.  Kidney transplantation is the best therapy for these patients and offers them an improved quality of life.  Although m...
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Mengovirus is a picornavirus that causes encephalomyocarditis in humans and other animals.
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Botulinum neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum are the most potent toxins known. Because of the threat of bio-terrorism, sensitive methods for detecting botulinum neurotoxin are needed; howev...
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The NADH cytochrome b5 reductase/cytochrome b5 system can transfer electrons to other enzymes, including those involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, toxins and drugs. In the past, NADH cytochrome...
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La Crosse virus is an etiologic agent for childhood encephalitis in North America. Structurally, the nucleocapsid of this virus is enclosed by a host-derived lipid envelope holding two virion glycopro...
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The standard assay for measuring viral infectivity is a plaque assay in which a semisolid agar applied over cells limits the spread of virus progeny from isolated infected cells to neighboring cells, ...
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Botulinum toxin is used for cosmetic procedures and to treat neurological disorders from spasmodic disorders to chronic pain syndromes.  The most widely used form of botulinum toxin is the seroty...
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Influenza is a major human disease caused by one of three types of influenza viruses. Type A viruses cause the most severe illnesses and are responsible for most epidemics; type B viruses generally ca...
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