UW-Madison researchers have expanded their previously disclosed method for additive manufacturing (AM) with proteins as build materials to multiple printing methods. The first, as previously disclosed in P230161, leverages an aqueous protein solution that is cured into solid parts via thermal denaturation with HAPPI. The second, vat photothermal 3D printing, leverages a photothermal dye that is added to the aqueous protein resin mixture in a vat. Upon exposure to patterned light, the photothermal dye is activated generating localized heating that denatures the proteins in resin and results in a printed part. The third, direct-ink write (DIW) 3D printing, leverages an ink-like protein solution (i.e., more viscous) that is extruded through a nozzle and coupled with movement to create a product layer-by-layer. The product can be formed via denaturation in an oven or in situ on a heated build plate.