The androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor that plays a crucial role in the development of normal prostate tissue, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. Patients with metasta...
Learn More

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting 2.5 million people worldwide. The disease is difficult to manage and there is no cure. The underlying mechanism of MS pro...
Learn More

Friedreich’s ataxia (also referred to as FA or FRDA) is a rare but fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease. With an estimated incidence of 1 in every 40,000 people, it causes progressive...
Learn More

The epidemiology of influenza Type B viruses differs from Type A; influenza B viruses primarily circulate in humans and do not cause pandemics. However, in some seasons the impact of influenza B infec...
Learn More

Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays a critical role in immunity. The protein is found in breast milk and secreted in the gastrointestinal system during development and adulthood. Research suggests...
Learn More

Collagen is the most abundant protein in vertebrates, providing support to virtually every tissue including skin, bone and blood vessel. It is of critical importance in wound healing. Given its signi...
Learn More

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is an escalating problem, especially in hospital settings. The Centers for Disease Control recently identified Clostridium difficile as posing an “urgent” healt...
Learn More

The influenza virus is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Although many studies have looked at how a host responds to infection with the vi...
Learn More

Podophyllotoxin is a natural product derived from a plant. Although two clinically useful glycosylated analogs have been developed for treating cancer, podophyllotoxin is difficult to synthesize, hind...
Learn More

Metadherin (MTDH; also called AEG1 or LYRIC) is a pro-metastasis gene implicated in many types of cancer. The gene is overexpressed in more than 40 percent of primary tumors and is linked to breast ca...
Learn More

The natural product diptoindonesin G (Dip G) was first isolated in 2009 from the tree bark of Hopea mengarawan. It has shown antiproliferation effects in murine leukemia as well as immunosuppressant a...
Learn More

HIV infection, AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC) remain serious and ongoing diseases compromising the human immune system. Protease inhibitors, which interfere with the replication cycle of HIV, are...
Learn More

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, affecting 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 6,000 females. It is characterized by severe learning problems, developmental...
Learn More

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects over 1.2 million Americans each year, with approximately 50,000 new infections per year. Current treatment includes HIV combination regimens comprising rever...
Learn More

Sleep apnea affects an estimated 18 million American adults annually. People with sleep apnea can develop conditions such as systemic and pulmonary hypertension, metabolic syndrome, insomnia, neuro-in...
Learn More

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming anaerobe that causes life-threatening intestinal infections. These infections result in more than 14,000 deaths and billions of dollars in h...
Learn More

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is responsible for eight million human infections and two million deaths worldwide each year. M. tuberculosis infections can be treated...
Learn More

Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides play a crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease – they are a main component of the toxic amyloid plaques found in patients’ brains. Aβ is so dangerous because it can aggr...
Learn More

The global cosmetics industry is a $460 billion dollar market with the skin whitening sector valued at $381 million in 2014. This growing market is projected to increase at a CAGR of 11.7%, reaching $...
Learn More

Warfarin is a “first-generation” anticoagulant that has been widely used as a multiple feeding rodenticide for more than 60 years. The prolonged use of warfarin as a rodenticide has, according to ...
Learn More

Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which can cause debilitating disease but also is used to treat disorders like chronic headache, spastic muscles and strabismus. Several di...
Learn More

Millions of people in the U.S. suffer from chronic pain each year. Narcotic-based medications commonly are given for pain relief, but they are not always effective and can lead to addiction. Botulinu...
Learn More

Maintaining an adequate supply of oxygen to tissue is necessary for survival. The oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is governed by the concentration of red blood cells (erythrocytes). It is critical t...
Learn More

Iron overload or hemochromatosis is a disease marked by an accumulation of iron in the blood. It typically occurs in subjects (e.g., anemia patients) receiving chronic infusions of red blood cells. Th...
Learn More

More than 30 million people suffer from age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of permanent vision loss among older adults. Few treatment options are available for AMD, or for j...
Learn More