UW Madison researchers developed a method to create a large scale uniform transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films composed of transparent, electrically conducting, perovskite oxides (TCPOs). The TCPOs are crystallized from their corresponding amorphous films using embedded crystalline perovskite oxide seeds as nucleation sites. The amorphous films have the same complex oxide composition as the TCPO but are in an amorphous form. The crystalline perovskite oxide seeds are themselves formed on a substrate from a thin amorphous oxide film via coarsening. Because the seeded TCPO film formation is not based on epitaxial growth from a substrate, the lateral dimensions of the TCPO films are not limited by the size of available single crystal epitaxial growth substrates.